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PHONOLOGY & WRITING SYSTEM
| A, a |
alpha |
long or short as in father or drama |
dramatikos |
| B, b |
beta |
as in bit |
biblion |
| G, g |
gamma |
as in get |
logoj |
| D, d |
delta |
as in den |
dhmokratia |
| E, e |
epsilon |
always short as in get |
skeptikoj |
| Z, z |
zeta |
as in adds or gadzooks |
baptizw |
| H, h |
eta |
always long as in wait or bait |
Dhmosqenhs |
| Q, q |
theta |
as in thought |
qeatron |
| I, i |
iota |
long or short as in meet or bit |
kinhtikoj |
| K, k |
kappa |
as in kit |
kwma |
| L, l |
lambda |
as in lit |
logoj |
| M, m |
mu |
as in meet |
metron |
| N, n |
nu |
as in neat |
nektar |
| C, c |
xi |
as in coax, except, or taxi |
Cercej |
| O, o |
omicron |
always short as in thought |
xoroj |
| P, p |
pi |
as in pen |
perimetron |
| R, r |
rho |
slightly rolled as in drama |
barbaroj |
| S, s or j |
sigma |
as in set |
sunqesij |
| T, t |
tau |
as in ten |
pentagwnon |
| U, u |
upsilon |
long or short as in boot or put |
gumnastikh |
| F, f |
phi |
as in fit |
filosofia |
| X, x |
chi |
as in backhand or lunkhead |
xarakthr |
| Y, y |
psi |
as in upset |
Kukloy |
| W, w |
omega |
always long as in total |
Swkrathj |
NOUNS
Each noun has one gender and one declension. One can distinguish between
declensions based upon the following endings.
Each case also has a set of different uses.
|
1st Declension |
1st Declension |
2nd Declension |
2nd Declension |
3rd Declension |
3rd Declension |
|
Feminine |
Masculine |
M/F |
Neuter |
M/F |
Neuter |
| Nominative sing. |
-h, a |
-hj, aj |
-oj |
-on |
stem |
stem |
| Genitive sing. |
-hj, aj |
-ou |
-ou |
-ou |
-oj |
-oj |
| Dative sing. |
-h, a |
-h, a |
-w |
-w |
-i |
-i |
| Accusative sing. |
-hn, an |
-hn, an |
-on |
-on |
-a, h |
- |
| Vocative sing. |
-same as nom. |
-same as F |
-e |
-on |
stem |
stem |
| Nominative plu. |
-ai |
-same as F |
-oi |
-a |
-ej |
-a |
| Genitive plu. |
-wn |
-same as F |
-wn |
-wn |
-wn |
-wn |
| Dative plu. |
-aij |
-same as F |
-oij |
-oij |
-sin |
-sin |
| Accusative plu. |
-aj |
-same as F |
-ouj |
-a |
-aj |
-a |
| Vocative plu. |
-same as nom. |
-same as F |
-same as nom. |
-same as nom. |
-same as nom. |
-same as nom. |
SYNTAX OF CASES
(Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives)
Nominative:
Subject of finite verb, subject of nominal sentence (e.g. sentence with
no verb), predicate nominative, predicate adjective.
Genitive:
Partitive, possession, predicate genitive of characteristic (e.g. it
is the mark of a good judge), subjective genitive used with verbal nouns,
objective genitive used with verbal nouns, material or contents, measure,
value, time within which (e.g. during that day), genitive of charge, prepositional
phrases, personal agent, cause, purpose, genitive of source, separation
or lack, comparison, with certain verbs or adjectives, ganitive absolute
(e.g. when the Spartans were conquered, we slept).
Dative:
Indirect object, dative of interest, reference (e.g. in the eyes of all
critics), possessor with certain verbs like "to be", personal
agent, means, manner, respect, degree of difference, cause, accompaniment,
place where (e.g. in the city), time at which (e.g. on the fourth day),
with certain verbs, adjectives and prepositions, predicate dative, indirect
statement.
Accusative:
Direct object, double accusative, subject of infinitive, indirect statement,
predicate accusative, predicate adjective in the accusative, respect or
specification, adverbial accusative, with certain prepositions, extent of
space, extent of time, personal agent, accusative absolute.
Vocative:
Formal address.
VERBS
Each verb has six Principal Parts.
They are used to find all of the various forms.
The first principal part is the present tense stem.
The second principal part is the future active and middle tense stem.
The third principal part is the aorist active and middle tense stem.
The fourth principal part is the perfect active tense stem.
The fith principal part is the perfect middle and passive tense stem.
The sixth principal part is the aorist passive tense stem. |
Each verb form has the following:
Mood (indicative, subjunctive, optative, or imperative)
Tense (aorist, future, future perfect, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect,
or present)
Voice (active, middle, or passive)
Person (first, second, or third)
Number (singular or plural)
Verbs also have Participles, Infinitives, and Verbal Adjectives |
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